After reading another thread, I became curious about colleges offering financial pre-reads to students before they apply, and that some colleges apparently offer a pre-read including merit aid. This seems very sensible, as it would probably stop a lot of students from applying to colleges they can’t afford, while also encouraging other ...Aug 28, 2023 · Sending a pre-read at least 24 hours in advance of a meeting ensures everyone has enough time to think about the topic and make notes. When you send a pre-read, ask that attendees assemble their recommendations based on the content provided in advance, contribute to the meeting agenda, and come to the meeting with questions. pre-: [prefix] earlier than : prior to : before. preparatory or prerequisite to. in advance : beforehand.Tricks, Tips, and the Benefits of Pre-Reading Text Observations on Pre-Reading. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. ... Before students read any text,... Understand the Purpose of Pre-Reading. In many cases, taking just a few minutes to learn more about what you are about... Know the ...Pre-reading lessons should stimulate students’ curiosity so that there is a desire to read the text. 4. Pre-reading lessons should not reveal information that students could acquire simply by reading the text. 5. Not all pre-reading lessons have to take place before reading. There is a possibility of stopping along the way during the reading ... A pre-read deck is simply a slide deck that you show your audience before your presentation. The purpose of a pre-read deck is twofold: first, it allows you to engage with your audience on the topic of your presentation, and second, it serves as a reminder for you during your presentation.That’s why pre-reading skills are so important. They establish a foundation for learning how to read and learning to love it. As a parent, you may not love to read, but if you can encourage your child to love it, they’ll benefit in so many areas of their life now and in the future. Reading is the single most important academic skill your ...May 16, 2022 · A pre-read deck is simply a slide deck that you show your audience before your presentation. The purpose of a pre-read deck is twofold: first, it allows you to engage with your audience on the topic of your presentation, and second, it serves as a reminder for you during your presentation. May 2, 2022 · You also should ensure attendees know the purpose of the meeting, along with any reports, pre-reading, or requests for materials a day or two in advance. To create a solid pre-meeting email template, we suggest you follow these steps: 1. Include a specific subject line. For simplicity, the subject line should include the meeting day and topic. I imagine a lot depends on the traffic at admissions when your pre-read is being done. Others may have more information but now could be a busier time than January for admissions. Also as you said time could vary from school to school. Personally I can’t imagine they do pre-reads unless they are very interested, so you should get an answer soon!Bad Preread Results. Athletic Recruits. lastmile July 15, 2020, 11:36pm 1. Hi all, I’ve been lurking on CC for a while now and I’m very thankful for all the advice provided by everyone here. It certainly makes the college admission process much easier. DS is a rising senior and plays a non-mainstream sport that he’s SUPER passionate about.May 15, 2016 · Here’s how it usually goes. You receive an email with the subject line “pre-read for tomorrow’s meeting.”. Attached is a bulky PowerPoint presentation with no explanation or specific request. When you get to the meeting, you realize only you and one other person read it. The presenter gauges the lack of preparedness and proceeds to walk ... Dec 14, 2022 · SQ3R is one of the most effective reading strategies for comprehension. With this pre-reading strategy, students are required to S urvey, Q uestion, R ead, R ecite, R eview. S urvey—Students skim through the title, bold headings, subheadings, graphs, charts to get a bird’s eye view about the topic. Essentially, you’re creating a mental ... Feb 10, 2015 · Pre-reads can happen in television, film, theater, commercials, voiceover, or any other media. Early in your career, you will probably pre-read a lot, because it gives casting a chance to get to know you. That's a good thing. The vibe is usually a bit relaxed, because the stakes are lower, because you can't book the job from a pre-read. A merit aid pre-read is a process in which a college reviews a student’s qualifications, as well as their financial background, and then makes a prediction about what level of both need-based and merit-based aid can be expected before a student formally applies and is admitted. This allows for families to better determine what colleges may be ...Traductions de mot PRE-READ du anglais vers français et exemples d'utilisation de "PRE-READ" dans une phrase avec leurs traductions: pre-read the card for additional services:... The pre-reading activity should generally be 2-5 minutes in duration (with informational text, it is sometimes longer than this). Here you want to provide the structure or scaffolding necessary to enable students to read the text independently. Keep this as short as possible while still providing the structure necessary for independent reading. This year is the 10th anniversary of Princeton’s Pre-read tradition, which introduces incoming first-year students to Princeton’s intellectual life through the experience of reading and discussing a book together. The Class of 2027’s book is How to Stand Up to a Dictator by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Maria Ressa ’86. Sep 1, 2023 · Prereading definition: of or relating to the period before reading a text , book , etc | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Early Read at Swarthmore. Colleges and Universities A-Z Swarthmore College. AJW June 19, 2016, 4:50pm 1. My D, an athlete, recently received an offer for an “early read” from a Swarthmore coach, followed by “From here we can get a good idea where you might stand and put together an overnight visit for the fall.”.Oral Language skills / Vocabulary for Pre Reading. Oral development is crucial to develop pre reading skills. Prior to school the average 5 year child has between 2000 and 2300 expressive (words they can use voluntarily use to express themselves), the average 2/3 year old can use between 200 and 1000 words. in those 2 or 3 years their vocabulary both receptive and expressive expands hugely.Oral Language skills / Vocabulary for Pre Reading. Oral development is crucial to develop pre reading skills. Prior to school the average 5 year child has between 2000 and 2300 expressive (words they can use voluntarily use to express themselves), the average 2/3 year old can use between 200 and 1000 words. in those 2 or 3 years their vocabulary both receptive and expressive expands hugely.pre-read head [TECH.] der Doppellesekopf: pre-read disturb pulse [COMP.] der Lesevorimpuls: Ergebnisse aus dem Forum. pre-read. read. read. Read. read oder have read.Here’s how it usually goes. You receive an email with the subject line “pre-read for tomorrow’s meeting.”. Attached is a bulky PowerPoint presentation with no explanation or specific request. When you get to the meeting, you realize only you and one other person read it. The presenter gauges the lack of preparedness and proceeds to walk ...Aug 28, 2023 · Sending a pre-read at least 24 hours in advance of a meeting ensures everyone has enough time to think about the topic and make notes. When you send a pre-read, ask that attendees assemble their recommendations based on the content provided in advance, contribute to the meeting agenda, and come to the meeting with questions. Map- Create a visual presentation of the text and the different ideas in it with the main idea in the center. Discuss- Analyze the language, content, and pattern of the text. Initial prediction- Check whether your initial prediction was right or not. Pre-reading question- Try to answer your entire pre-reading question. 7,829,648.Apr 25, 2021 · A Pre-Reading Personality Quiz is perfect for you. Head to #2! Es: You can have it all…with my #1 favorite pre-reading activity: Learning Stations! 1. PRE-READING LEARNING STATIONS. Learning stations are my all-time favorite way to introduce a new novel or text. Stations are engaging, collaborative, student-centered, and kinesthetic! Pre-reading involves examining a literature’s title, subheadings and vocabulary. If pictures are provided, students formulate ideas and conclusions. This is a great way for readers to acquire information and improve his/her reading comprehension before approaching the text. Common pre-reading exercises include brainstorming.Nov 15, 2019 · In the late 1990s, further research (Pressley, et al. 1998) revealed that despite the abundance of research supporting questioning before, during, and after reading to help comprehension, teachers still favored post-reading comprehension questions. Researchers have also found that when adult readers are asked to "think aloud" as they read, they ... The process of pre-reading involves four steps or the Four Ps of pre-reading: preview, predict, prior knowledge and purpose. Let’s take a closer look at these pre-reading strategies. 1. Preview. Before you get into the nitty-gritty of reading a report or any other writing, preview the entire text to grab the key ideas.Pre-reading skills are the skills that a person should have before they learn how to read. There are five main skills that we should have before approaching learning how to read text. These are; print awareness, phonological awareness, motivation to read, narrative skills and letter knowledge. Some of these terms can seem a bit intimidating.This year’s Pre-read will show first-year students how their Princeton journeys can take them far beyond what they ever imagined. “Every Day the River Changes: Four Weeks Down the Magdalena,” traces Class of 2019 graduate Jordan Salama’s voyage along Colombia’s most important river and exemplifies the opportunities students have to pursue their passions at Princeton.If the answer was positive, the coach may have recruits ranked ahead of you that they are waiting on. If you are a top recruit and got a positive pre-read, they would have contacted you quickly. If (b), you are not being actively recruited at this time, and no pre-read is being done. mamom September 24, 2019, 8:57pm 4.The process of pre-reading involves four steps or the Four Ps of pre-reading: preview, predict, prior knowledge and purpose. Let’s take a closer look at these pre-reading strategies. 1. Preview. Before you get into the nitty-gritty of reading a report or any other writing, preview the entire text to grab the key ideas.Princeton's Pre-read is by Class of 2019 graduate Jordan Salama, whose senior thesis became a celebrated nonfiction book. President Eisgruber selects travelogue infused with ‘deep empathy’ for incoming students to read this summer. The book is based on Salama’s international research while a Princeton undergraduate.Sep 4, 2023 · Pre-Reading Task #5: Guessing from Pictures. The teacher finds 3 pictures or objects which are connected to the story or reading. The teacher asks how those pictures and images are connected. Finally, students read the text and check if they were right or wrong about the story connections they made. Pre-read the material. If you don't understand it at first, read it a second time. If you don't understand it the second time, then just make a note and then DON'T WORRY ABOUT IT UNTIL THE PROFESSOR COVERS IT IN CLASS. Your goal when pre-reading is to familiarize yourself with the concepts and terms, not learn everything ahead of time.pre-reading strategy also is very advantageous because it provides the students with knowledge that they will use during reading. Lastly, the think aloud pre-reading strategy is the least favorable because students do not interact with each other and the nonexistence of their own questioning affects them. I admit that I don’t miss the Exhausted Years … the years I had a preschooler, baby, and toddler all at once. I can’t count how many times I pushed a shopping cart with a baby seat in the cart, a toddler in the front, and preschoolers pulling on my coat. Many shoppers couldn’t resist remarking, “You’ve got your hands full.”.Pre-reading strategies to increase comprehension. Before reading a selection aloud or before students read a text, try taking seven to ten minutes to build word and background knowledge. This should increase all students' comprehension of the text. Begin by reviewing the selection and identifying the main concepts you want to teach.That’s why pre-reading skills are so important. They establish a foundation for learning how to read and learning to love it. As a parent, you may not love to read, but if you can encourage your child to love it, they’ll benefit in so many areas of their life now and in the future. Reading is the single most important academic skill your ...Romeo and Juliet Pre-reading Carousel Discussion Better than a worksheet! Here is a pre-reading activity designed to get your students out of their seats to move, talk, think, and write. They will travel around the classroom or in the hallway to read several posters including statements designed to generate strong agreements and disagreements ...This Frankenstein pre-reading lesson is receptive and creative. Students think about the characteristics of modern science fiction by reading and analyzing a short story. Then they get creative in conceiving their own sci-fi premise. GIVING SCI-FI A TRY HANDOUT (PDF) Group task: Read “Super-Toys Last All Summer Long” (8 pages) by Brian Aldiss.One of the key guided reading pre-reading activities is sight word practice. We will review previously taught sight words that might appear in the text and introduce new sight words they will find in the text. There are several great ways to practice sight words that are both teacher-friendly and engaging for kids: Use Magna doodle boards for ...That’s because pre-reading skills include the following: Holding the book correctly – Your child will start learning how to read simply by holding the book the right way! Let your child experiment with this skill by letting them handle the book. Turning pages in the right direction – Another pre-reading skill is turning the pages in the ...Pre-reading involves examining a literature’s title, subheadings and vocabulary. If pictures are provided, students formulate ideas and conclusions. This is a great way for readers to acquire information and improve his/her reading comprehension before approaching the text. Common pre-reading exercises include brainstorming.Motivation to read; Concept of print; Pre-reading strategies you can implement in your classroom. Many children will learn some pre-reading skills independently, but most benefit from direct instruction. Studies show that without explicit instruction from teachers or parents, up to 40% of children won't learn basic phonemic awareness skills.This Frankenstein pre-reading lesson is receptive and creative. Students think about the characteristics of modern science fiction by reading and analyzing a short story. Then they get creative in conceiving their own sci-fi premise. GIVING SCI-FI A TRY HANDOUT (PDF) Group task: Read “Super-Toys Last All Summer Long” (8 pages) by Brian Aldiss. Subject: Re:Pre-Read for Athletics timeline. quote. Anonymous. FYI: Pre-reads are associated with athletic recruits, especially @ D3. Coaches will submit athletes for an admissions pre-read to see if they can make through the academic filters without trouble. My DD has been pursuing d3 schools, but thing have been quiet in the last two weeks.BENEFITS OF PRE-READING STRATEGIES Abstract This research study sought to determine if students with disabilities benefit from pre-reading strategies in reading comprehension. Reading is a fundamental skill that supports academic achievement. Using pre-reading strategies will motivate and increase student comprehension. InI admit that I don’t miss the Exhausted Years … the years I had a preschooler, baby, and toddler all at once. I can’t count how many times I pushed a shopping cart with a baby seat in the cart, a toddler in the front, and preschoolers pulling on my coat. Many shoppers couldn’t resist remarking, “You’ve got your hands full.”.May 17, 2015 · Q) A Pre-Read operation failed and I see Pending Sectors on the SMART report. A) Pending Sectors will lead to read errors, and the Pre-Read operation will fail. To force the hard drive firmware to remap those sectors, you have to run a Preclear session with the Skip Pre-Read option checked. When reading a textbook or article, try this strategy: 1. (S) urvey the assigned reading by first skimming through it. 2. then formulate (Q) uestions by turning all chapter headings and subheadings into questions to answer as you read. 3. next (R) ead the assigned section and try to answer those questions you formulated. That’s because pre-reading skills include the following: Holding the book correctly – Your child will start learning how to read simply by holding the book the right way! Let your child experiment with this skill by letting them handle the book. Turning pages in the right direction – Another pre-reading skill is turning the pages in the ... This year’s Pre-read will show first-year students how their Princeton journeys can take them far beyond what they ever imagined. “Every Day the River Changes: Four Weeks Down the Magdalena,” traces Class of 2019 graduate Jordan Salama’s voyage along Colombia’s most important river and exemplifies the opportunities students have to pursue their passions at Princeton.A Pre-listening or a Pre-reading is a stage frequently found in lessons that aim at helping students develop receptive skills. It is the pre in the pre, while and post sequence of activities to help students become better readers or listeners. The aim of this stage is to help students prepare for reading or listening to a text, either by ...You also should ensure attendees know the purpose of the meeting, along with any reports, pre-reading, or requests for materials a day or two in advance. To create a solid pre-meeting email template, we suggest you follow these steps: 1. Include a specific subject line. For simplicity, the subject line should include the meeting day and topic.Sep 1, 2023 · Prereading definition: of or relating to the period before reading a text , book , etc | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Sep 9, 2022 · Princeton's Pre-read is by Class of 2019 graduate Jordan Salama, whose senior thesis became a celebrated nonfiction book. President Eisgruber selects travelogue infused with ‘deep empathy’ for incoming students to read this summer. The book is based on Salama’s international research while a Princeton undergraduate. These fundamental abilities that lead to reading later on are called pre-reading skills. The definition of pre-reading is any skill or strategy that will help students learn to read in kindergarten, and a few examples include: Phonological awareness, or the ability to distinguish sounds from one another. Listening skills.Call of the Wild Research Project - Yukon Expedition. Created by. Megan Altman. This prereading research project for Call of the Wild by Jack London asks students to research Survival Skills, Sled Dogs, and Gold Rushes before they read the novel. Includes websites for students to begin searching and a rubric.Here’s how it usually goes. You receive an email with the subject line “pre-read for tomorrow’s meeting.”. Attached is a bulky PowerPoint presentation with no explanation or specific request. When you get to the meeting, you realize only you and one other person read it. The presenter gauges the lack of preparedness and proceeds to walk ...Motivation to read; Concept of print; Pre-reading strategies you can implement in your classroom. Many children will learn some pre-reading skills independently, but most benefit from direct instruction. Studies show that without explicit instruction from teachers or parents, up to 40% of children won't learn basic phonemic awareness skills.Activity 1: Books and babies. Babies love to listen to the human voice. What better way than through reading! What you’ll need: Some books written especially for babies (books made of cardboard or cloth with flaps to lift and holes to peek through). That’s why pre-reading skills are so important. They establish a foundation for learning how to read and learning to love it. As a parent, you may not love to read, but if you can encourage your child to love it, they’ll benefit in so many areas of their life now and in the future. Reading is the single most important academic skill your ...Pre-reading involves examining a literature’s title, subheadings and vocabulary. If pictures are provided, students formulate ideas and conclusions. This is a great way for readers to acquire information and improve his/her reading comprehension before approaching the text. Common pre-reading exercises include brainstorming.May 17, 2022 · That’s why pre-reading skills are so important. They establish a foundation for learning how to read and learning to love it. As a parent, you may not love to read, but if you can encourage your child to love it, they’ll benefit in so many areas of their life now and in the future. Reading is the single most important academic skill your ... Activity 1: Books and babies. Babies love to listen to the human voice. What better way than through reading! What you’ll need: Some books written especially for babies (books made of cardboard or cloth with flaps to lift and holes to peek through).Pre-reading strategies to increase comprehension. Before reading a selection aloud or before students read a text, try taking seven to ten minutes to build word and background knowledge. This should increase all students' comprehension of the text. Begin by reviewing the selection and identifying the main concepts you want to teach.Jul 15, 2021 · The pre-read is the first big step in the Ivory Tower's doors opening up for student-athletes. About Sara Harberson Sara Harberson is the founder of Application Nation™, which provides personalized advice to college applicants and their families, and Admissions Revolution, a free, on demand video membership that demystifies college admissions. Pre-Reading Discussion questions + building context, introducing historical background, opinion questions, vocab, establishing setting, and making predictions. 3. Guided reading with multi-level comprehension questions.4. Text-dependent reader-response questions (post-reading).5. Literature groups and character profiles -- psychology inclusive ... A pre read is an initial look at your son’s academics either by the coaching staff or an admissions liaison to the athletic department. It is designed to ensure he is recruitable given the school’s academic standards applied to that sport/recruit.Pre-reads, in my experience, typically occur during the recruiting process (junior into senior year). In my experience a coach does a pre-read then the coach works with Admissions to confirm the pre-read. This is done to inform the coach of the student athletes chances and influences their decision to continue the recruiting process.Jan 27, 2023 · Motivation to read; Concept of print; Pre-reading strategies you can implement in your classroom. Many children will learn some pre-reading skills independently, but most benefit from direct instruction. Studies show that without explicit instruction from teachers or parents, up to 40% of children won't learn basic phonemic awareness skills. Pre-reading strategies are learning exercises that help a reader to build background information, structure, and context of the book, before actually reading the book. Research shows that how you approach a book is crucial for comprehension, decoding, and an overall successful reading experience. While some readers pick up anything and ...That’s why pre-reading skills are so important. They establish a foundation for learning how to read and learning to love it. As a parent, you may not love to read, but if you can encourage your child to love it, they’ll benefit in so many areas of their life now and in the future. Reading is the single most important academic skill your ...Dahl's "Lamb to the Slaughter" is a classic short story and a student favorite!This short story student workbook makes your life and the lives of your students easier. . Students love having their own little workbook and teachers have zero prep to do!This short story student workbook includes:-Author bio and quiz-Pre-reading discussion guide-Vocabulary organizer with practice exercises-Vocab ...Pre-reads can happen in television, film, theater, commercials, voiceover, or any other media. Early in your career, you will probably pre-read a lot, because it gives casting a chance to get to know you. That's a good thing. The vibe is usually a bit relaxed, because the stakes are lower, because you can't book the job from a pre-read.Pre-Reading Discussion questions + building context, introducing historical background, opinion questions, vocab, establishing setting, and making predictions. 3. Guided reading with multi-level comprehension questions.4. Text-dependent reader-response questions (post-reading).5. Literature groups and character profiles -- psychology inclusive ... Aug 28, 2023 · Sending a pre-read at least 24 hours in advance of a meeting ensures everyone has enough time to think about the topic and make notes. When you send a pre-read, ask that attendees assemble their recommendations based on the content provided in advance, contribute to the meeting agenda, and come to the meeting with questions. The process of pre-reading involves four steps or the Four Ps of pre-reading: preview, predict, prior knowledge and purpose. Let’s take a closer look at these pre-reading strategies. 1. Preview. Before you get into the nitty-gritty of reading a report or any other writing, preview the entire text to grab the key ideas.
Jun 22, 2015 · The fact that you have received a positive pre read means that you have passed the first stage. You are academically recruitable, and the coach is intrigued enough by your potential to have checked. It’s the first big step, but there are several more to go yet. Also, in the Ivy League, and if I remember correctly the NESCAC, the “pre reads ... . The nearest cici
pre-reading strategy also is very advantageous because it provides the students with knowledge that they will use during reading. Lastly, the think aloud pre-reading strategy is the least favorable because students do not interact with each other and the nonexistence of their own questioning affects them.The pre-read function can be used for pre-read editing. Die Preread-Funktion kann auch beim Preread-Schnittbetrieb verwendet werden. Video and audio signals that have been pre-read can be externally processed and simultaneously re-recorded.Traducción de "pre-read" en español. Adjetivo. lectura previa. leer previamente. Two weeks prior, students will receive Pre-Read material to prepare themselves for the course. Los alumnos recibirán el material de lectura previa con dos semanas de antelación para que puedan preparar el curso. Pre-read - After Google Maps added navigation ... Apr 25, 2021 · A Pre-Reading Personality Quiz is perfect for you. Head to #2! Es: You can have it all…with my #1 favorite pre-reading activity: Learning Stations! 1. PRE-READING LEARNING STATIONS. Learning stations are my all-time favorite way to introduce a new novel or text. Stations are engaging, collaborative, student-centered, and kinesthetic! Map- Create a visual presentation of the text and the different ideas in it with the main idea in the center. Discuss- Analyze the language, content, and pattern of the text. Initial prediction- Check whether your initial prediction was right or not. Pre-reading question- Try to answer your entire pre-reading question. 7,829,648.Pre-Reading Task #5: Guessing from Pictures. The teacher finds 3 pictures or objects which are connected to the story or reading. The teacher asks how those pictures and images are connected. Finally, students read the text and check if they were right or wrong about the story connections they made.The pre-read function can be used for pre-read editing. Die Preread-Funktion kann auch beim Preread-Schnittbetrieb verwendet werden. Video and audio signals that have been pre-read can be externally processed and simultaneously re-recorded. That’s why pre-reading skills are so important. They establish a foundation for learning how to read and learning to love it. As a parent, you may not love to read, but if you can encourage your child to love it, they’ll benefit in so many areas of their life now and in the future. Reading is the single most important academic skill your ...Oral Language skills / Vocabulary for Pre Reading. Oral development is crucial to develop pre reading skills. Prior to school the average 5 year child has between 2000 and 2300 expressive (words they can use voluntarily use to express themselves), the average 2/3 year old can use between 200 and 1000 words. in those 2 or 3 years their vocabulary both receptive and expressive expands hugely.Having this meeting six to eight weeks out provides the Chief Human Resource Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, and others the opportunity to raise possible agenda items that may need full board attention. It also provides sufficient preparation time for the agenda and pre-read documents. 3. Approve the Final Meeting AgendaThat’s because pre-reading skills include the following: Holding the book correctly – Your child will start learning how to read simply by holding the book the right way! Let your child experiment with this skill by letting them handle the book. Turning pages in the right direction – Another pre-reading skill is turning the pages in the ... The fact that you have received a positive pre read means that you have passed the first stage. You are academically recruitable, and the coach is intrigued enough by your potential to have checked. It’s the first big step, but there are several more to go yet. Also, in the Ivy League, and if I remember correctly the NESCAC, the “pre reads ...Aug 28, 2023 · Sending a pre-read at least 24 hours in advance of a meeting ensures everyone has enough time to think about the topic and make notes. When you send a pre-read, ask that attendees assemble their recommendations based on the content provided in advance, contribute to the meeting agenda, and come to the meeting with questions. Romeo and Juliet Pre-reading Carousel Discussion Better than a worksheet! Here is a pre-reading activity designed to get your students out of their seats to move, talk, think, and write. They will travel around the classroom or in the hallway to read several posters including statements designed to generate strong agreements and disagreements ... May 17, 2022 · That’s why pre-reading skills are so important. They establish a foundation for learning how to read and learning to love it. As a parent, you may not love to read, but if you can encourage your child to love it, they’ll benefit in so many areas of their life now and in the future. Reading is the single most important academic skill your ... The pre-reading activity should generally be 2-5 minutes in duration (with informational text, it is sometimes longer than this). Here you want to provide the structure or scaffolding necessary to enable students to read the text independently. Keep this as short as possible while still providing the structure necessary for independent reading..